NEWS- Mirror World can solve Hubble constant problem

BY: Arjit Mishra

According to a new paper, an unseen 'mirror world' of particles that interacts with our world only via gravity might be the key to solve a major cosmological problem- The Hubble constant problem.

The Hubble constant basically is the current rate of expansion of the Universe. 

But here exist a major flaw- the predictions for this rate with reference of cosmology's standard model are significantly slower that the rate found with the help of experimental procedures. 

Many cosmologists around the globe have been attempting to solve this problem by altering our current cosmological model but the challenge is to do so without ruining relations between standard cosmological model and various cosmological phenomena for example- CMB(cosmic microwave background).

Now the Researchers have came across though a previously unnoticed mathematical property of cosmological models, which points out that the observations we do in cosmology have an always existing symmetry under rescaling the universe as a whole. This might pave the way to understand why there is a lack of compatibility between different measurements of the Universe's expansion rate.

If the Universe is inheriting this symmetry researchers are led to a marvelous conclusion: that there exist a mirror world very similar to ours but invisible to us except of it's gravitational impact on our world and the mirror world might be containing the particles that are all copies of known particles.

"THE WORLD IS A MIRROR, FOREVER REFLECTING WHAT ARE YOU DOING WITHIN YOURSELF"

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NEWS- Exploring the possibility of Genesis of High-Energy Neutrinos

BY: Arjit Mishra

Firstly I would like to introduce you guys with TDE (tidal disruption events), Tidal Disruption events occur when a star passes too close to a compact object, such as a supermassive black hole (SMBH), such that the tidal field of the compact object is able to overcome the stellar self-gravity and tear the star apart.

Neutrinos being the lightweight particles, which have no electric charge throughout the cosmos and can only be detected after their arrival on earth. Their origin is still a big mystery in physics. [To create neutrinos conditions need to be just right to drastically accelerate charged particles].

In 2019 researchers discovered one of the brightest transients they've ever seen in their life, transients are basically short lived flared in sky such as tidal disruption events and exploding stars called supernovas further details show that the outburst shone in infrared, x-rays and other wavelengths of light.

A year after this flare's discovery the antarctic neutrino observatory iceCube again spotted high energy neutrinos, by tracing their path backward researchers determined the source as flare's vicinity.

The matchup between the two events could be a coincidence but after this 'coincidence' researchers linked neutrino genesis to TDE but it still isn't clear how tidal disruption events produce neutrinos.

Physicists then began to propose various theoretical scenarios like: A jet of particles flung away from the black hole could accelerate protons, which would interact with surrounding radiation to produce the speedy neutrinos.

Some Astrophysicists didn't agree that the flare was TDE instead it could a especially bright type of supernova they added and justified the saying by the statement: In such supernovas protons accelerated by such supernova's shockwave could collide with the protons in the medium that surrounds the star, producing other particles that could decay to produce neutrinos.

Still there are clouds of uncertainty regarding this topic, but let's hope the things would be clear in future.

"NEUTRINOS WIN THE MINIMALIST CONTEST.....ZERO CHARGE, ZERO RADIUS AND VERY POSSIBLY ZERO MASS" 

 

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INDIAN CONCEPTION OF TIME

   By:Arjit Mishra

According to the Vedas of ancient India the basic definition of time reads as- Time is an active potency of the supreme in manipulating the material energy or more lucid definition would be “The means through which matter and energy are connected(during emergence) and separated(during dissolution) is called time”. Since eternity we’ve have known various aspects of macrocosmic definition of time such as- the frame of period from creation of universe to it’s dissolution, and repetitive cycles of such periods, it’s various scalable units and many more things. But only few ones know the microcosmic definition of time or in layman’s language “how time works?” so here is how Vedas describe it- A thought wave that occurs in the mind is termed vritti. For a jiva, time is the space between two successive vrittis. Moreover the screen on which this motion picture of time and space with birth, death, creation and dissolution runs is termed consciousness. Vedas basically tends to merge the concepts of time, space and consciousness and declare that they are all one. In spiritual realm our consciousness is contained in an energy based life form while in the material realm our consciousness is contained in a matter based life form.  Time is an energy which has both spiritual and material aspect, in the spiritual realm time passes but nothing gets older or deteriorated because spirits are not under the jurisdiction of time while in material realm time causes change and is ultimate destructive agency.  

There is one more curious aspect concerning the nature of time, In the vedic system the events are somehow known in advance and this also curiously enough has some relationship with the Theory of relativity. How?

In Einstein’s Theory of relativity time is like a geometrical coordinate which is some sort of space and so events of the future are there in a different region of space. In fact, in Einstein’s theory it is even possible to shift between the dimensions of space and the dimensions of time, so they are sort of interchangeable. Thus everything that is going to happened, everything that is happening and everything that has already happened exist in a sort of timeless domain or are laid out in a continuum. Einstein believed this stuff and quoted “the passage of time is simply an illusion”. He even mentioned human being as a “space-time worm”.

So it turns out that the missing keys of the modern physics are present in Vedas in a very superficial manner.

If Vedas and modern science will work together, a revolutionary development would hit human race very soon.

 

 “Vedas are the most rewarding and the most elevating book which can be possible in the world.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

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WHAT WAS BEFORE BIG-BANG ?

BY: Arjit Mishra

In 1929 Edwin Hubble was the first person who observed that our Universe is expanding constantly till then our Scientific data and Astronomical techniques have improved a lot.

Today without hesitating we can say that our Universe was born 13.8 billion years ago.

After detecting cosmic microwave background we can predict the conditions of Universe after 0.3 million years of Big-Bang.

We have created conditions like Big-Bang on the microscopic level in Large Hadron Collider to understand the Universe from the beginning.

Today our Universe is expanding, this statement directly indicate to the fact that there must be a time previously where all this is constricted to a point(which later expanded due to explosion).

If we go back into time we would reach a point whose temperature is very high, and this point is specifically known as point of SINGULARITY.

So, Singularity got exploded which created the Universe and this explosion is known as Big-Bang.

But a question must be arising in your mind that What was before Big-Bang ?

Some Scientists believe that Big-Bang was the first step of Construction which not only created this Universe but also time and other Physical laws which indicate there was no Universe, no time and no Physical laws. thus the question is wrong in itself because when there was no time before Big-Bang then discussion of this topic is hopeless.

This theory clearly says that there was nothing before Big-Bang. but this theory was not able to satisfy us because according to 2nd law of Thermo Dynamics "Something can't come from nothing"

which says there must be something before Big-Bang.

While another theory says that "Universe always existed" if it is true then what was happening till now and what will be happening was done many times before. If we believe this theory then our Universe should be in a state where all the Physical processes are completed but observations deny this fact and so the theory.

We know that density of Black Hole is very high and Big-Bang was happened from Singularity which was also very dense, Some scientists believe that this point of Singularity must be formed by conversion of Past Universe into Black Hole.

Our Universe is expanding constantly, but some people believe that some time it would expand to a great extent that an explosion would occur which would cause the formation of a new Universe and by this process only our Universe had formed. 

"Construction and Destruction is eternal" but this theory too has a problem that actually how

does the first Universe came into existence, means we have reached the same place where we have started.

There is another theory "Multiverse Bubble Theory" :

According to this theory there are countless Universes which are constricted in a bubble, either they collide with other ones or get parted into number of pieces. these collisions or parting cause immense explosions which forms another Universe, Hopefully Big-Bang also is an outcome of such aspects.

If this theory is right then there must be the formation of circular pattern in the cosmic microwave background due to collisions or parting. But till now we didn't detect such a thing.

Regarding Multiverse there is another theory which came from String Theory :

It says that at basic quantum level particles looking like strings or membranes exist which always vibrate. their different vibrational patterns give birth to different particles like: electrons, protons, neutrons, Gravitons etc.

According to String theory there are number of dimensions in which these strings operates; Due to different behaviour of such strings different Universes came into existence which interact each other with the help Gravity.

Dark energy which is still a mystery to us is an energy which describe us the Gravitational influence of another universe on our one. When two Universes collide Big-Bang occurs which form another Universe.

This theory has answer of our every question but irony is that most of the scientists consider it as a Philosophical theory because it talk about Dimensions and other sci-fi concepts whose existence cannot be defined from physics laws.

We cannot perfectly tell about what was before Big-Bang. But we have progressed a lot to answer this question. Today we are able to see the conditions of {10 to the power -43} seconds old Universe which is the time before 13.8 billion years.

The question that what was before Big-Bang is very complex. to get the answer we could only depend upon observational analysis and mathematical theories. but a problem persists that mathematical laws which work in general world loose their importance in Quantum World.

Physics laws do not work in bodies like Black Holes and so they do not exist before Big-Bang then if somehow we are able to define a condition of working for physics laws then we would be too close to our answer.

"EVERYTHING IS THEORETICALLY IMPOSSIBLE, UNTIL IT'S DONE"       

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WHAT IS 4th DIMENSION ? | WHAT IS TESSERACT ?

BY: Arjit Mishra

DIMENSION: A measurable extent of particular kind such as length, breadth, height. 

4th Dimension is basically a mathematical extension of the concept of 3rd Dimension.

FACT : The idea of adding a fourth Dimension began with Jean le rond d'alembert with his "Dimensions" Published in 1754.

Firstly we should go through 0th, 1st, 2nd and 3rd dimension :

0th dimension : In 0th dimensional  world there is no measurable extent, more specifically in this dimensional world object sticks to it's position like a point.

1st dimension : In 1st dimensional world there is existence of only one measurable extent, object would move only in a line.

2nd dimension : In 2nd dimensional world there are two measurable extents, length and breadth.

3rd dimension : In 3rd dimensional world  there are three measurable extents; length,breadth and height.

NOTE : From above explanation an observation can be made that "Every dimension is made with the help of it's preceding dimension."

4th DIMENSION :

Now 4th dimension must have be made with the help of it's preceding one whiz, 3-d .

This is the image of 4th Dimension from our 3-D perspective

Scientists on the basis of theoretical consideration made Time as the 4th Dimension.

The reason behind this is all the living things lives with time and become older with time.

hence time can be considered as a major element which effect every entity in the space.

This relation between Time and Space results into 4-Dimensional space-time.

NOTE : Space and Time coexist or they don't exist independently.

This is how you can Imagine a basic or Ground structure of a 4-dimensional object :

Above figure shows the basic structure of 4-d object(commonly known as tesseract). As shown it's structure changes every single moment.

Human life in 4-D :

Through this image we can conclude that with the help of 4th dimension we can physically interact with our every phase of life. 

But unfortunately humans are not made to observe and interact with 4th Dimension.

We Humans are 3 dimensional entities or more specifically in philosophical terms we are slave of time; we live in present and cannot go physical with our past and future.

Now a question must be arising in your mind that can we do time travel with the help of Dimensional Analysis?

The answer of this question is yes.According to the super string theory there are at least 10 Dimensions in the observable Universe and if somehow we can trigger 4th Dimension into 5th Dimension we would be able to time travel and this concept defies most of the time paradoxes.

"Time is our God and we don't exist without it"

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