SPIRITUALISM: A Way of Life

 BY: Arjit Mishra

Today, I came across the word 'Kundalini' on the internet, which intrigued me for almost four hours straight. In the yogic context, Kundalini is essentially a dormant energy source located at the base of our spine. This source of energy is believed to be awakened to a considerable extent through various spiritual practices, including yoga, meditation, and chanting mantras.

This energy, when awakened to a considerable extent, travels up the spine, activating energy centers called 'Chakras,' leading to various benefits like heightened awareness, a deeper connection with oneself and the universe, etc. That's not something I want to tell you guys; you can find all this on Google. But when I researched more about it, I found the very origin and reason for knowledge in ancient times. Have you ever wondered how, in ancient times, people wrote marvelous sections of knowledge which were later compiled into books? Obviously, they didn't get any reference from their predecessors because they were the first producers of knowledge. Then I found something about their lifestyle... They used to indulge themselves in various practices which activated their chakras and developed their consciousness to such a heightened level that if one simply looked at something with curiosity, answers would come because they could shift their consciousness to the very existential form of the thing they were looking at. They didn't need to find answers by mugging up into formulas and any instruments. They didn't read from anything, they were just experiential beings who satisfied their curiosity by developing the level of their consciousness just by indulging themselves in this kind of spiritual lifestyle.

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NEWS- Physics laws might not actually exist, according to this physicist

By: Arjit Mishra

A theoretical physicist named Sankar Das Sarma has put up some thoughts under a column published by New Scientist. He says whatever we have came across in physics till now are merely working descriptions, and nothing but mathematical equations that matches with parts of nature known to us, there are enough stuff left which is potent enough to create a upheaval in our basics. He explains that physics is better understandable as we don't treat the laws of physics as absolutes. Sarma says it's better to view laws of physics as if they are layers of an onion. As we learn more about the physics of our universe, we are peeling off more and more layers but there is always enough to peel. So if something unusual is appearing we have to look both aspects whether our existing laws are being broke or the appeared result is an outcome of a misinterpretation, existing physical laws aren't robust enough.

"We might be living in a simulation"

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NEWS- Treasure Trove of Black Holes found!

BY: Arjit Mishra

According to the researchers they have found a previously overlooked treasure trove of massive black holes in dwarf galaxies.

Our Milky Way galaxy is a spiral one and is believed to be an outcome of many smaller dwarf galaxies merging into each other, these dwarf galaxies may bring massive black holes which are destined to be swallowed by Milky Way's supermassive black hole. 

Black holes are detected when they are glowing by ingesting gas and stardust swirling around them. The problem is, while growing black holes glow with certain high-energy radiation, a young newborn star could also replicate the radiation creating confusions amongst the Astronomers whether it's a black hole or a young newborn star. However, Researchers were able to terminate the confusion with the help of various diagnostic tests and existing journals.

Eventually they were able to find trove of massive black holes. and 'the black holes we have found are the basic building blocks of supermassive black holes like the one in our Milky Way', they added.

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"BLACK HOLES ARE WHERE GOD DIVIDED BY ZERO"

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NEWS- Mirror World can solve Hubble constant problem

BY: Arjit Mishra

According to a new paper, an unseen 'mirror world' of particles that interacts with our world only via gravity might be the key to solve a major cosmological problem- The Hubble constant problem.

The Hubble constant basically is the current rate of expansion of the Universe. 

But here exist a major flaw- the predictions for this rate with reference of cosmology's standard model are significantly slower that the rate found with the help of experimental procedures. 

Many cosmologists around the globe have been attempting to solve this problem by altering our current cosmological model but the challenge is to do so without ruining relations between standard cosmological model and various cosmological phenomena for example- CMB(cosmic microwave background).

Now the Researchers have came across though a previously unnoticed mathematical property of cosmological models, which points out that the observations we do in cosmology have an always existing symmetry under rescaling the universe as a whole. This might pave the way to understand why there is a lack of compatibility between different measurements of the Universe's expansion rate.

If the Universe is inheriting this symmetry researchers are led to a marvelous conclusion: that there exist a mirror world very similar to ours but invisible to us except of it's gravitational impact on our world and the mirror world might be containing the particles that are all copies of known particles.

"THE WORLD IS A MIRROR, FOREVER REFLECTING WHAT ARE YOU DOING WITHIN YOURSELF"

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NEWS- Exploring the possibility of Genesis of High-Energy Neutrinos

BY: Arjit Mishra

Firstly I would like to introduce you guys with TDE (tidal disruption events), Tidal Disruption events occur when a star passes too close to a compact object, such as a supermassive black hole (SMBH), such that the tidal field of the compact object is able to overcome the stellar self-gravity and tear the star apart.

Neutrinos being the lightweight particles, which have no electric charge throughout the cosmos and can only be detected after their arrival on earth. Their origin is still a big mystery in physics. [To create neutrinos conditions need to be just right to drastically accelerate charged particles].

In 2019 researchers discovered one of the brightest transients they've ever seen in their life, transients are basically short lived flared in sky such as tidal disruption events and exploding stars called supernovas further details show that the outburst shone in infrared, x-rays and other wavelengths of light.

A year after this flare's discovery the antarctic neutrino observatory iceCube again spotted high energy neutrinos, by tracing their path backward researchers determined the source as flare's vicinity.

The matchup between the two events could be a coincidence but after this 'coincidence' researchers linked neutrino genesis to TDE but it still isn't clear how tidal disruption events produce neutrinos.

Physicists then began to propose various theoretical scenarios like: A jet of particles flung away from the black hole could accelerate protons, which would interact with surrounding radiation to produce the speedy neutrinos.

Some Astrophysicists didn't agree that the flare was TDE instead it could a especially bright type of supernova they added and justified the saying by the statement: In such supernovas protons accelerated by such supernova's shockwave could collide with the protons in the medium that surrounds the star, producing other particles that could decay to produce neutrinos.

Still there are clouds of uncertainty regarding this topic, but let's hope the things would be clear in future.

"NEUTRINOS WIN THE MINIMALIST CONTEST.....ZERO CHARGE, ZERO RADIUS AND VERY POSSIBLY ZERO MASS" 

 

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NEWS- Galactic Relation Resolved

BY: Arjit Mishra

Elliptical Galaxies are one of the most abundant type of Galaxies found in the Universe.

Superficially there are four categories to classify Galaxies: Spiral; Barred Spiral; Elliptical and Irregular. 

Elliptical Galaxies have a smooth ellipsoidal morphology, They are mostly found in Galaxy Clusters.

One of the notable feature of an elliptical galaxy is that they naturally contain a much greater proportion of older stars than spiral galaxies do.

Nowadays Astronomers Theorize that most of the elliptical galaxies are formed from the collisions and subsequent  mergers of spiral galaxies. Ages and Complexion of Stellar population holds evidence for this theory, because the stars in elliptical galaxies are much older and redder than those in spiral galaxies. 

Moreover spiral galaxies have abundant gas and dust which eventually fuels Star formation, whilst elliptical galaxies appear to have virtually exhausted that fuel and so there is scarcity of raw material for the formation of new stars. Due to this low rate of star formation and their populations of old, red stars, elliptical galaxies are referred to as 'RED and DEAD' by Astronomers.  

Obviously with the help of Hubble and ESO'S VLT(Very Large Telescope) Astronomers were able to show how star formation in these DEAD- Galaxies actually took place billions of years ago and practically prove the theory.

"ONLY IN DARKNESS CAN YOU SEE THE STARS" 

 

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NEWS- Magnetic Bubble could act as a saviour for Astronauts

By: Arjit Mishra

Human race is trying it's real best to set foot on Mars and other Exoplanets but apart from all the obstructions one of them is that sending astronauts on long-duration missions is kind of impossible because of the hazardous radiation levels in space.

However a new concept offers some hope on the horizon, this Idea takes advantage of the latest advances in superconducting magnet technology to effectively shield spacecraft—and the astronauts inside—from harmful space radiation.

The researchers behind it have received funding from NASA innovative Advanced concepts (NIAC) program to build a prototype called CREW HaT.

HaT stands for Halbach Torus, which is a circular array of magnets that creates a stronger field on one side while reducing the field on other side, They've came up with a design for lightweight, deployable and mechanically supported magnetic coils activated by a new generation of high temperature superconducting tapes.

This configuration produces an enhanced external magnetic field that diverts cosmic radiation particles, but the most interesting thing is that the geometry being proposed creates a magnetic field outside the spacecraft but not inside, so the astronauts are not exposed. The created magnetic field is directly extended out into space it's not bounded within a chamber or something.

Researchers believe that this design can divert over 50 percent of the biology-damaging cosmic rays and higher energy high-Z ions that are responsible for health complications and deaths of astronauts in space. Moreover They still need to reduce the weight and work on the design to make it more efficient.

"GOD HAS NO INTENTION OF SETTING A LIMIT TO THE EFFORTS OF MAN TO CONQUER SPACE"

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INDIAN CONCEPTION OF TIME

   By:Arjit Mishra

According to the Vedas of ancient India the basic definition of time reads as- Time is an active potency of the supreme in manipulating the material energy or more lucid definition would be “The means through which matter and energy are connected(during emergence) and separated(during dissolution) is called time”. Since eternity we’ve have known various aspects of macrocosmic definition of time such as- the frame of period from creation of universe to it’s dissolution, and repetitive cycles of such periods, it’s various scalable units and many more things. But only few ones know the microcosmic definition of time or in layman’s language “how time works?” so here is how Vedas describe it- A thought wave that occurs in the mind is termed vritti. For a jiva, time is the space between two successive vrittis. Moreover the screen on which this motion picture of time and space with birth, death, creation and dissolution runs is termed consciousness. Vedas basically tends to merge the concepts of time, space and consciousness and declare that they are all one. In spiritual realm our consciousness is contained in an energy based life form while in the material realm our consciousness is contained in a matter based life form.  Time is an energy which has both spiritual and material aspect, in the spiritual realm time passes but nothing gets older or deteriorated because spirits are not under the jurisdiction of time while in material realm time causes change and is ultimate destructive agency.  

There is one more curious aspect concerning the nature of time, In the vedic system the events are somehow known in advance and this also curiously enough has some relationship with the Theory of relativity. How?

In Einstein’s Theory of relativity time is like a geometrical coordinate which is some sort of space and so events of the future are there in a different region of space. In fact, in Einstein’s theory it is even possible to shift between the dimensions of space and the dimensions of time, so they are sort of interchangeable. Thus everything that is going to happened, everything that is happening and everything that has already happened exist in a sort of timeless domain or are laid out in a continuum. Einstein believed this stuff and quoted “the passage of time is simply an illusion”. He even mentioned human being as a “space-time worm”.

So it turns out that the missing keys of the modern physics are present in Vedas in a very superficial manner.

If Vedas and modern science will work together, a revolutionary development would hit human race very soon.

 

 “Vedas are the most rewarding and the most elevating book which can be possible in the world.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Experiment

 BY: Arjit Mishra

It is widely said that "efforts in the present decides our future" but what if I say actions in future affects past events! Yes you heard it right. As we aren't able to travel back in time ; it's hard to digest the fact.

But with the help of an experiment in Quantum physics it is possible!(At Quantum level). this experiment is entitled as Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Experiment, It is basically an extension of Double Slit Experiment.

[NOTE: If you haven't read my double slit experiment blog, visit:https://theoarmi.blogspot.com/2020/05/double-slit-experiment.html otherwise you wouldn't get the concept behind the experiment]

We can conclude from double slit experiment that electrons show particle nature in the presence of an observer machine and show wave nature in the absence of same; Which indicates electrons somehow know whether they are being observed or not so that they can act accordingly.

That's Scary right! but there's a scientific explanation to the fact that doesn't completely but somehow justify this weird behaviour. Physicists say that there is a fuzzy space between creation and detection where any type of well defined particle doesn't exist at all. Copenhagen interpretation tell us that in this space a particle exist in the form of wave function[it is basically a distribution of all possible properties of a particle], this Probability is wave only which shows wave nature and form interference pattern but when an observer is placed the wave function collapse and the wave converts into particle which shows particle nature and form just two lines on the back wall.

 In double slit experiment we placed an observer machine to detect which electron passes from which of the two slits but we failed in doing so thus Physicists executed Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Experiment.

Before we go through delayed choice quantum eraser experiment we should first understand wheeler's Delayed Choice Experiment.

In Double Slit Experiment we kept the observer machine before the slits but in wheeler's Delayed Choice Experiment it is kept near the wall[on which patterns appear] and tried to observe the electrons exactly before when they collide so that they can't alter their behaviour accordingly. But the observations were shocking and weird, when electrons were observed they behave as particle and only for two lines ensuring particle nature and when they weren't observed they show wave nature and form interference pattern. Since the observer was observing the electrons just microsecs. before collision; this can be true only if electrons time back in time and decide their behaviour depending upon observance and non-observance. This experiment has again proved that Quantum Physics is weird.

Now, we shall see Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Experiment:

In this experiment a Non-Linear optical crystal is placed behind the double slit which create entangled pair of electron passing through slit A and slit B moreover one particle of the entangled pair is allowed to move towards the backwall while other one is send towards the detector D3 and D4 in order to predict that electron has passed through which slit(either A or B).

[NOTE: If you don't know about entangled pairs, you should read my blog on Quantum entanglement and EPR Paradox, visit:https://theoarmi.blogspot.com/2020/08/quantum-entanglement-and-epr-paradox.html]

The Entangled Particles are entitled as "twin brothers". whatever happens with one, it also happens with other. If electron's second entangled partner is detected near D4 then electron must have passed through slit B but if second entangled partner is detected near D3 then electron must have passed through slit A. These Detectors are positioned in such a way that the second entangled particle should reach them after the collision of first one on the back wall. Don't be perplexed at all; the big picture is that we can accurately predict electron has passed from which of the slit(either A or B). But in this experiment electrons only show particle nature and form just two lines on the backwall. It seems like second entangled partner of electron which is detected(either by D3 or D4) send information to first one that observer knows the passage of electron and thus ensure particle nature.

Later on some additions were made in the experiment; Half silvered mirrors were placed in the paths of detectors which ensure 50 percent chance of reflection and 50 percent chance of transmission. After that a Quantum Eraser was used which means now electrons can be detected near detectors D1 and D2 too. when electrons were detected near D1 and D2 then there was no possibility to predict the passage of electron(which means we don't know electron has passed from which of the slits ). Now, in this case electrons show wave nature and form interference pattern on the back wall. It seems like second entangled partner of electron which is detected(either  by D1 or  D2) send information to the first one that observer doesn't know the passage of  electron thus ensure wave nature.

This is very weird right! but the weirdest thing is that when second entangled partner send information to the first one, till that time first entangled partner has already collided with the wall. Inspite of  this the alterations in the patterns on the back wall due to observance and non-observance indicates that electrons travel back in time and decide their behaviour accordingly.

Yeah, Quantum Physics is really very weird but nevermind; In future we might get our answers.

"QUANTUM PHYSICS MAKES ABSOLUTELY NO SENSE"

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TIME CRYSTAL: A NEW 4-D MATTER

 BY: Arjit Mishra

The act of Modification of theories into facts is ,always in continuation and will continue in future. The biggest prophecies of Theoretical Physics like- Einstein's gravitational waves, Higgs Boson, etc. have came into being by experimentation. Recently Scientists have discovered a new and rare state of matter, which was first theorized in 2012 but the theory was unfortunately rejected.

This new state of matter is often called Time Crystal. The interesting fact is that the Atomic state of this state of matter repeats in space-time, which means Time crystals are 4-dimensional objects. Till now we have only examined 3-D matter but in today's Blog I will describe a 4-D Matter.

What are Time Crystals ?

Before I will explain you the concept of Time Crystals, firstly we should know about crystals :

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. simple examples are-Diamond and pieces of ice.

if we observe Atomic structures of simple 3-Dimensional crystals, we can say that they repeat their arrangement to some extent in space but Time doesn't effect it's arrangement. which means if we observe a diamond now and observe it again after few hours their would be no change in it's Atomic arrangement.

Now coming to Time Crystals: In case of Time Crystals atoms not only repeat their arrangement in space but also in Time and because of which their shape changes every time on it's own without any force and they always remain in perpetual motion, They can't attain thermal equilibrium state because they are non-equilibrium metals, very much different from simple theory crystals.

How Time Crystals Work ?

Normal Matter: Suppose we have a simple crystal in which atoms repeats their arrangement over space. If we provide some energy from external source then the energy would flow adjacently in the atoms till all the atoms attain thermal equilibrium which is often called Zero point state, In this state heat is equally divided among all the atoms and thus in most of the cases they don't have enough energy to cause motion because of which they stops.

 for understanding this in a more simpler way let us take an example- when we kick a football, it stays in motion for few seconds and eventually stops but football in state of rest can't come to the state of motion on it's own.

Non-Equilibrium Matter: In case of Time Crystals, Atoms in Quantum Entanglement are arranged in repeated patterns. So as the Energy reaches an Entangled particle it's entangled pair came to know about it instantaneously (independent to the distance between them) and before energy actually reaches to the entangled pair, it starts to react because of which all particles come into the state of motion and this reaction exists perpetually that's why the Time Crystals can't attain the state of Thermal Equilibrium and show movement even in their lowest energy state.

 [If you don't know about Quantum Entanglement visit- Theoarmi ].

Idea behind Time Crystals ?

In 2012 noble prize winner Frank Wilczek thought of a crystal which breaks time translation symmetry. Time Translation symmetry says that "Laws of Physics are applied equally in all the places of UNIVERSE and in all the times which have ever existed." Till many years we have believed that symmetry is always same in Laws of nature but eventually we came to know that Deviation occurs in the symmetry of Laws of Nature. Some object breaks this symmetry by staying in their ground state without breaking the laws of physics. Frank thought that if symmetry breaks in the space then it should also break in Time. He imagined a crystal which could break the symmetry in time that's how Time crystal was Discovered but theory of time crystal was approximately same as the theory perpetual motion machines which can work till eternity without any Energy. According to physics laws these machines can't be invented in reality that's why theory of Time Crystal was also rejected. Later on scientists corrected and modified this theory with help of Quantum Entanglement and Non-Equilibrium metals. With the help of two different experiments scientists have made Time crystals in a Lab.

How can they be useful in future ?

Time crystals could be useful in Quantum Computing, Physicists can use these Time crystals to build stable Quantum system which would work efficiently even on higher temperatures. Discovery of Time crystal is just an initiation, what would happen in the future would be amazing!

"You will always have time for what you make time for"

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SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT EXPLAINED

BY: Arjit Mishra

For understanding this UNIVERSE in a better way we have divided Physics into three parts- Classical Physics, Modern Physics and Quantum Physics.
In Classical Physics this UNIVERSE can be described with simplicity because If we study the past behaviour  of an object then we can easily tell it's future behaviour. Moreover by it's present behaviour we can easily tell what would have happened to it in the past. for example- If we know the speed with which Earth is revolving around the Sun then we can easily tell, In which month Earth was/will be present at which position. In fact we can tell 2 yrs. ago It was present at which position.

But If talk about Quantum Physics, It completely changes our perspective to observe this UNIVERSE. In this we try to understand the behaviour of sub-atomic particles like- electrons, protons, photons,etc. Here we can't Predict the results of experiment before; If we repeatedly conduct the experiment, then too! . We know that Quantum Particles can be present at multiple Locations at a same time and can behave differently at a same time whiz believed to be Impossible in Normal world. we can't even Logically expect ourselves to be present and behave differently at different Locations.
That's why the Laws of Classical Physics are not applicable in Quantum Physics and the world described according to Quantum Physics can't be seen in Reality. Quantum Physics is considered as weird but Scientists believe that actual word can only be studied through Quantum Physics.

Today's Blog is about a Thought Experiment through which a Physicist known as Schrödinger described that, with Reference to bigger objects the Principles of Quantum Physics are weird and Pointless, this Experiment is Popularly known as Schrödinger Cat Experiment.

Many Experiments of Quantum Physics have proved that till when we don't observe the Quantum Particles, They exists in all the possible states of themselves at the same time which is known as Superposition state and as we observe them through any of the suitable instruments, their wave function collapses and a single possible state is selected from the treasure which becomes our Reality.
Our instruments can only see the state which is called "Result". Which means we can't tell the Result of the experiment without actually conducting it because we can get any of the possibilities as Result.
If it is true then it should be applicable on humans, animals, and everything that we can easily observe because they are also made up of Quantum Particles but we know that this is not true and every easily observable things are observed in a single state only! not more than one. for example- A car, either can be in rest or can be in motion at a time not can be in both rest and motion at a same time.

Schrödinger was not able to swallow this theory beyond his throat, which is also known as "The Copenhagen Interpretation". to showed Quantum Theory is Rubbish with Reference to Bigger Objects He take a count on a Thought experiment which is famous in the name of Schrödinger Cat Experiment.

In this experiment He trapped an Alive cat inside a Box, Along with the cat He also put a radioactive substance, a poisonous gas bottle, a hammer and a radioactive sensor in the box.
The radioactive substance was such that it's probability to decay was 50% and a hammer was attached to the radioactive sensor through a string and the poisonous gas bottle was put on the surface of box such that the heavier part of hammer was present just above to.
As the decaying of radioactive substance starts, sensor detect it and after that the hammer fall on the poisonous gas bottle resulting in death of the cat.
Till when the box is closed we don't know what is happening to the cat inside the box, is it Alive or Dead. And as we open the box, then only we can tell that the cat survived or not.
If we imagine cat as a Quantum Particle and apply the superposition principle then we can say that when box was closed and no one was observing the cat, then cat in the box exists in both of it's possible states. yes! there can be only two possible states only, either it is alive or dead which means at the same time the cat was alive and dead inside the box. when we open the box it's wave function collapses and one state is selected from two of it's possibilities and that state becomes our Reality.
That's the reason if we conduct this experiment repeatedly then every time we would get different outcomes or more specifically sometimes cat would be found Dead and sometimes it would be found Alive.

Our common sense says that when box was closed, at that time only either cat survived or lie dead.
If the cat was dead then after opening the box it would be dead only and if it survived it would appear alive to us but it is not possible that at a same time the cat was Alive and Dead both together.
which means it doesn't make any sense that if we observe it or not but Quantum Physics don't work according to our common sense. Infinite experiments proved that Quantum Particles don't rely on our thinking and always show weird behaviour, it behaves to an extent that in normal life we can't even think about it.

Many World theory is a very exciting theory which describe that "Every possibility comes to reality irrespective of the location, time and even Universe". which means that if Schrödinger's cat is found dead in this this Universe then it would have be found alive in another Universe. this theory explain it like this way, when box was closed then cat was in superposition state which means at that time it was dead and alive both together at a same time and when we open the box, A split happens in this Universe and because of that it's two copies are formed and amongst one of these cat would be found Alive and it would be found Dead in another one. If this theory would somehow proved to be true then it's implications would be Wonderful let us understand how:

Whenever Universe has the options then it forms number of copies of itself, where everything takes place that has a chance of happening. which means a world must be existing where Adolf Hitler had won the ww2, A world must be existing where Dinosaurs still exists and A world must be existing where Humans have developed a lot. Whatever Quantum Physics is wonderful and this world too.

“Nothing is real unless it is observed”

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QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT AND EPR PARADOX EXPLAINED

BY: Arjit Mishra

Today our whole Scientific Community agree to the fact that the Quantum World is intensely mysterious and weird because in this stuffs don't work according to our thinking. 

when Quantum Theory was new, It  has bothered number of scientists back then which includes Albert Einstein too.

Actually Albert Einstein was not able to swallow the Theory beyond his throat because predictions of Quantum Theory were literally weird. So to prove this Theory wrong, he though described a Thought Experiment with his two colleagues, which he named EPR Paradox. and this thought Experiment birth an unique phenomenon which is still a topic for research due to its weird behaviour. This phenomenon is called Quantum Entanglement. Einstein and his colleagues just created the base of EPR Paradox to defy the concept of Quantum Theory but happened contrary. Actually when Einstein and his colleagues discussed about EPR Paradox ,then there were no required instruments to go for experimentation that's why it has been treated as a Thought Experiment, because of which any conclusion can't be made. 

But after some years when they have required instruments, they Experimented it and found that Einstein and his colleagues were wrong, not the Quantum Theory because the results of the performed experiment were same as predicted by the Quantum Theory.

As Quantum Theory and it's weird predictions were true, It has completely changed our visionary perspective for the REALITY. Today Scientists agree to the fact leaving no room for debate that

the Real Nature of this UNIVERSE can only be explained by the Quantum Theory.

In 1920s Nature of Reality was the biggest Topic of Debate between Einstein and Neil Bohr.
Einstein believed that our reality is always fixed that's why there is no difference in it's format, if we observe it or not. He said Moon is always present at it's position whether we observe it or not, In fact our whole classical physics is based on this notion and we blindly believe that entities present near us that we are observing are present in same nature and position at the time when we are not observing them.but Quantum Theory doesn't agree to this notion and believe in fuzzy nature of Reality.

Neil Bohr believed that In the Quantum World and in absence of observations and measurements our Reality do not exist, In case of Quantum particles till when we don't observe or measure them we can't tell anything about their characteristics because before observation and measurement they are actually not in a well defined form instead they exist in all the possible states of themselves together which we call Superposition state and till this time physical nature of Reality doesn't make sense at all because till then there is no physical form of these Quantum Particles and the Reality form of this time can only be represented by Wave Function which itself describe the superposition state but as we observe and measure these Quantum Particles their wave function collapses and because of this, A single possible state is chosen from all the possible states it could ever have and in the end this state is obtained; After our observation and measurement we only get a single possible state and because of this we come to a conclusion that this state only is the Reality of that Quantum particle but actually amongst all those possible states any one could be obtained and this means it is not fixed that after observation or measurement which possible state would be obtained. thus in the absence of observation and measurement our Reality doesn't makes sense.

The Copenhagen Interpretation is based on this theory which is believed to be true in the Quantum Mechanics.(I will make a separate Blog on this concept later. )

Anyway, Einstein can't swallow Neil Bohr's theory beyond his throat. He thought everything is Real always and doesn't rely on our observation and measurement.About the Weird predictions of Quantum Theory Einstein said that the Quantum Theory is still incomplete and lacks some Local hidden variable which can be used to predict everything accurately so that we don't need the concepts of superposition state and wave function. Einstein with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen designed the base of EPR paradox to prove Neil Bohr's theory wrong, which itself was the good example of Quantum Entanglement. Actually at that time required equipments were not present which could test Neil Bohr's Theory that's why EPR paradox is considered as a Thought Experiment at that time.
In EPR paradox, paradox word is used because in this experiment the information between the two particles is travelling more than the speed of light which is violating the rule of Einstein which states-"Spread of Any information in this UNIVERSE can achieve maximum to the speed of Light ."

Let us now understand Quantum Entanglement :

To understand Quantum Entanglement we should firstly understand these two concepts:-

1- Superposition State: As I have already described, in absence of observation and measurement Quantum particles do not exist in their single possible state instead they exist in their all the possible states.
 for example-

 There is a intrinsic property of subatomic particles like electrons which we call 'spin'.
 [NOTE- don't confuse spin to be something like electrons are spinning on their axis, no please not I will describe spin in later Blogs]

now the electron has two possibilities in aspect of spin, 'up spin' and 'down spin'. According to superposition principle the electron is not present in one of the single possibilities mentioned above, but occur in both possibilities together, means the existence of 'up spin electron' and 'down spin electron' together.

2- Measurement Rule: It states that till when we don't observe Quantum particle it occurs in superposition state but as we observe or measure the Quantum particle it's wave function collapses and in the end a single possible state is obtained which becomes our Reality.

In Quantum Entanglement Entangled particles are used, let us understand what are Entangled particles and how they are formed:

Imagine we have a energetic Photon, and this energy can be converted to mass using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence. for example we can make other different particles using photon but our UNIVERSE has laws which decides how and what would be the nature of these particles, as photon has no electrical charge that's why the electric charges of produced particles must add up to zero.
which means if a photon produce a electron then it should produce a positron to maintain the electrical neutrality. along with this there is a property which is called as conservation of spin-
photons have no spin but electrons and positrons have their spins, it can be 'up' or 'down' and one of them must have 'up' spin and other one must have 'down' spin because then only they add up to zero spin(which correspond to photon) but we can't specify that which one would have which spin. if we take the perspective of superposition state, till when we don't observe and measure them they occur in 'up state' and 'down state' together. now if we talk about Entangled state, it is the state in which two particles are linked in such a way that they exist only in combined state which means without knowing the states of both the particles we can't define the state of a single particle. if you didn't get it yet understand with an example- we have an electron and a positron, there spins could be 'up' or 'down'. which particle have which spin that we don't know. In superposition state it can be represented as: 

here electron and positron are in 'up-down' and 'up-down' spins together. which means without knowing the state of one we can't tell the state of the other and in conclusion we can say that in Entanglement, particles can only be described through joined states.

According to EPR paradox  or Quantum Entanglement if we have two Entangled particles and if we somehow get the state of one particle then we can surely tell the state of other particle irrespective of  their distance. for example- after measuring if we get the spin of one particle to be 'up' then we can tell that other particle would have it's spin 'down' and vice-versa. Quantum Theory explain it through this way- As we have two Entangled particles, there properties are linked in such a way that both can exist only in combined state. Before measuring both particles are present in superposition state, which means electron and positron have their spins 'up-down','up-down' together. it can be represented as:

but as we measure any one of them, their wave function collapses and amongst their two possible states only one would be selected .

if we get spin of first particle to be 'up' then second one would have 'down' spin.

or if we get spin of first particle to be 'down' then second one would have 'up' spin.

As Entangled particles exist in combined state only, it doesn't makes sense that these two particles are kept at which distance from one-another. the effect is instantaneous and is independent of distance.
which means if we keep one particle in first end of the UNIVERSE and other one in the second end of the UNIVERSE, then also spin state observed in the first particle changes the spin of other particle and would be instantaneous. As the state of Entangled particles depend on the measurement and observance of one of the particle present in Entangled pair, it can be seen that these particles inform their states to each other with speed more than Light. but Einstein's special theory of Relativity states that-"Spread of Any information in this UNIVERSE can achieve maximum to the speed of Light ."
then how it is possible that Entangled particles present in two different ends of this UNIVERSE effect each other instantaneously because if the exchange of information is taking place with the speed of light then also information should take much Time that's why Einstein called it a paradox.
Einstein agree to the fact that if two particles are away from each other and if we know the state of one particle, state of other one could be found but he didn't agreed that information between them can travel with the speed more than the speed of light. He believed if we have local hidden variables and if we somehow able to  know the state of one particle then state of other particle could be obtained at that time only, information doesn't need to travel with the speed more than light.

Quantum Entanglement was firstly experimented by John Steward Bell and this experiment has proved the Quantum Entanglement Theory to be true, and it has been tested many times till now.
But it is still a mystery for us that two Entangled particles create which type of medium between themselves that enable them to share the information with the speed more than Light. 

“Life is a field of cosmic consciousness, expressing itself in million ways in space-time through quantum entanglement.”

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WHAT IS GRAVITATIONAL LENSING ?

BY: Arjit Mishra

Infinitely dispersed this Universe has number of mysteries, to remove the counts from these mysteries we created a powerful Telescope renowned as Hubble Telescope, which not only just enable us to observe distant and complicated Astronomical events but also we can peep into Past and observe the Past time of our Universe.

It is not completely true to say that only we(Humans) have to make efforts and build powerful machines for solving the mysteries of this Universe, sometimes nature also help us to do so. Gravitational Lensing is one amongst the natural phenomenons which stands for the above given fact.

The concept of Gravitational Lensing completely depend upon Properties of Space. It help us to see those Galaxies, Quasars and Stars which are billion of Light years away from us but we can't observe them directly. It is Gravitational Lensing which reveal the concept of Dark Energy.
This Blog will reveal the basic understanding behind Gravitational Lensing along with How Dark Matter was discovered with the help of Gravitational Lensing.

"what is Gravitational Lensing? and how does it work?" before answering these questions I would like to tell you the concept of lenses in normal Life:

Atually Lenses have the tendency to bend the path of Light.In case we have a Convex lens on which a beam of Light is focused it will converge the beam of light at a particular point.but if we have a Concave lens it will diverge the beam of light.

However Gravitational Lensing works similar to a Magnifying Glass. Let us understand how a simple Magnifying glass works:

We could see anything around us only if it's Light is reaching our EYE.When we see an object with our eyes it appears of same size as it is actually but if we see it through a magnifying glass it appears bigger in size.It is because beam of Light coming from the object got converged by the convex lens present in the magnifying glass and if we extend this converged path of light in it's backward direction we would be able to see that object apparently Bigger than it's original size; this is because our human brain can only perceive Light as a straight line.

Now we should move on to Gravitational Lensing Phenomenon:

In 1915 Albert Einstein proposed his general theory of Relativity which truly define gravitational force. He proposed that every mass warps the space-time continuum, and this warping phenomenon shows direct proportionality to the mass of an object. which means higher mass object would distort space-time more as compare to smaller one and because of this smaller mass object feel attraction towards the curve formed by higher mass object bcoz of the shape of space-time at that position, and this attraction is so called Gravitational Force.

We know that Light always travel in a straight in vacuum, but if Einstein's general theory of Relativity was true then it is obvious that higher mass objects like: Stars, galaxies, clusters, etc. would also warp the space-time according to their masses.which means when light passes near to these objects,it also changes it's original path because of shape of space-time at that position indicating to a fact that Gravity will act as a Lens similar to a Magnifying Glass, if this theory is true then we should get a natural Magnifying Glass witch would magnify the far present Galaxies, clusters, etc. along with we would be able to observe those stars, quasars, etc. which are hidden behind another big galaxies.but these are only theoretical considerations therefore there was need for experimental verification.

It was the year of 1919, when Eddington decided to prove this theory. He observed sun in Total Solar Eclipse through Telescope at that time a star was present behind the sun which we can't observe as sun was present just before it resisting it's vision. But if Einstein was right and sun warps space-time due to it's mass then due to Gravitational Lensing phenomenon we can observe that star, but you won't believe that Predictions of EINSTEIN'S theory were true and Eddington observed that star.
Originally light from that star shouldn't get to Earth by any means but as sun has bend the space-time by some extent so when light from that star passes through the sun it also gets bended by some extent and due to this virtual position of star changes and we can observe the star (hereby we can't see the original position of star but its apparent position).

TYPES OF GRAVITATIONAL LENSING:

Strong Lensing: This occurs when Gravitational lens is powerful or more specifically the light source behind it is situated very close it. For example- if a galaxy is present behind the galaxy cluster which is situated very close to galaxy cluster then the Galaxy cluster present in front of us act as a  strong lens and the galaxy present behind it appears bigger in size as compare to it's original size as similar to magnifying glass.  As I have already said we can observe an object only if it's light is reaching us.  The light of hidden galaxy takes different paths to reach us due to strong lensing, therefore we can observe multiple images of same galaxy and if position of galaxy somehow changes the positions of multiple images though changes because these multiple images are of same galaxy but it can happen that all images don't change their positions at a same TIME because Light has taken different paths to reach us more specifically the image formed by short path taken by light changes first as compare to images formed by other paths.

Strong Lensing reveals one more wonderful phenomenon called Einstein Ring, when source of Light, observer and lens are present in a same line then light coming from source is uniformly bended by the lens which results a formation of bright light ring which we call Einstein Ring.

Weak Gravitational Lensing: We observe weak gravitational lensing when gravitational lens is not much powerful to propose multiple images of source or Einstein Ring. In this case source appears to be extra streched or magnified. If we know the size and shape of source then we can easily discover the properties of gravitational lens by calculating how much the light bend from it's original path.
Generally we don't know about shape and size of source but we know about their average properties which can be used. for example if we have images of 1000 galaxies and all are of spiral shape then we can say that far present this galaxy is of spiral shape. by using weak Gravitational lensing mainly we discover the properties of those galaxies and clusters which are working as weak gravitational lens.

Micro Lensing: This is totally different from strong and weak gravitational lensing because in this case gravitational lens is much smaller. In strong and weak gravitational lensing we observed that gravitational lens are either galaxy clusters or galaxy. but in micro lensing the work of gravitational lens is done by stars or exoplanets, by this type of lensing we can discover those far away planets or stars whose emitted light turns dim while reaching to us but with help of micro lensing this dim light turns out to be shining for some time let us know how?

As we know that gravity bends the light and lead to the formation of gravitational lens. micro lensing occurs when gravity of a star or planet focuses the light coming from the far away planet or star such that those far away star or planets appears to be shining for some time.

Let us now understand how Dark Matter was Discovered with the help of Gravitational Lensing:

NOTE: About 23% of our Universe is composed of Dark Matter, It is not alike our ordinary Matter and we can't see it but it exists.(I will make a separate blog about Dark Matter and Dark Energy )

We know that Gravitational Lensing takes pace when a mass comes between us and a Light source. for example a Galaxy cluster; it acts as a lens which results distorted magnified or multiple images of that Light source. Imagine the light of hidden galaxy needs to pass through galaxy cluster before reaching us which works as a gravitational lens. The amount of Light we have received can be used to calculate the mass of that galaxy cluster (whiz acting as lens) with the help of computer simulation.
As we know that how Gravity works,we prepare the same gravitational lensing effect on computer and enter the data of received Light, Now we enter the observed mass of galaxy cluster(causing gravitational lensing) and see if we get the amount of light on computer same as we get in real life but surprisingly we obtain that original mass of Galaxy Cluster is not sufficient to bend the Light to an extent same as an extent Light has reached us. In fact the original mass of galaxy cluster is only 10% of that mass which actually done the work of Gravitational lens. It means in computer simulation to make the same gravitational lensing effect we require the mass of 9 other galaxy clusters, this missing mass can be of faint baryonic objects like- Black Holes, Interstellar objects, dust and planets.but after observing many galaxies closely we discover that the masses of these objects too are not same as missing masses. which means it is true that In this Universe something is there which we can't see but it has it's mass and is responsible for Gravitational Lensing but question is what is this new entity and where it exists. After further studies we concluded that it is present everywhere in this Universe and as we can't see it we call it as Dark Matter, it do not interact with Light and therefore is not visible.

  "WE HAVE QUESTIONS BUT DARKNESS HAS ANSWERS TO THEM"

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WHAT IS SPACE-TIME ?

BY: Arjit Mishra

 Time we can't see it, can't hear it, but we can feel it or more specifically we can observe it.
                                        

 What is it ? is it somehow related to Space ?

Before Einstein Scientists used to believe that space and time both exist independently; Any change in Space doesn't effect Time. According to Newton "Time is Absolute" means in every place and every condition it remains same.
But Einstein has it's own definition of Time, He believed that Space and Time are connected to each other and do not exist independently. He defines Time to be Relative instead of Absolute, means it is never same for everyone, it passes differently for different conditions. In the relativistic context we can't separate Space and Time.

Moreover speed of propagation of time depends upon object's velocity and it's Gravitational Field.
If my Gravitational field and velocity is different from your's then Time will not be same for me and you.
An Increase in velocity and Gravity will decrease the speed of time propagation.
                             
                                     Let us understand this with the help of an Example :

As Saturn is bigger than Earth then it's Gravity is also bigger than Earth and because of this Time propagation speed will be less on Saturn as compare to that of Earth.
If a Human/Animal somehow able to live on Saturn then he/she/it would live longer than a person/Animal of same age on earth because Time would pass differently for both of them.

Similarly If we are travelling in a spaceship whose velocity is very high then time propagation speed would be slow as compare to outer world. This clearly indicate that Space and time are interconnected. The concept of Time dilation  and Length contraction is very amazing but I would talk about them on my later blogs.

According to Einstein speed of Light is fixed for any inertial frame. As we tend towards the speed of Light, Time propagation speed tends to Zero. Specifically at the speed of Light Time completely stops. To explain the events happening in space and time a Mathematical model is there which we call "Space Time Continuum".

            Before understanding Space-Time we have to understand Space and Time separately :

Everything present around us is a part of Space. To define the position of object in space we take the help of 3-D Graph which has X, Y and Z axis which depict the length, width and height/depth of an object and makes up the 3-Dimensional object.

While in the case of Time it would be difficult for us to define it, but we know that it always moves in one direction that's why we can say that it is our 4th Dimension.

If we combine the space and time then we have presented with 4-Dimensional Space-Time.

as space-time is 4-Dimensional and unfortunately we can't visualize 4-D , but we can visualize it through a 2-Dimensional Graph :

Here X axis defines the space and Y axis defines Time, since Space and Time are connected to each other Anything that moves in Space It also moves in Time.

Physicists observe this world frame by frame Let us know how ?

When we throw a stone into pond we can clearly observe the formation of ripples in it, This is a very common Event that we have observed at least once in a lifetime.

Now let us observe it frame by frame :

When we throw a stone instantly nothing happens but after 1 second one ripple is formed, after 2 seconds two ripples are formed and after 3 seconds formation of three ripples can be observed.

When we see it with full concentration a cone can be observed, Basically this cone is the Locus of light through Space-Time, If we reverse the direction of time then we could obtain the opposite cone which describes the events in past. This cone is specifically called as Light Cone. 

EINSTEIN SAID :

"For us Physicists, the separation between past, present and future is only an illusion, although a convincing one"

Which means past, present and future always exist, propagation of Time is just an Illusion.

A question must be arising in your mind that "why the world seems to moving ?" 

The answer this question is very philosophical, answer totally depends upon principle of video. when we play a video it seems to be moving but actually it is the combination of sequential images slide showed in such a way that the time interval between any two sequential images is very less. but actually there are number of images/Frames at a same time.

Now what is the Advantage of Space-Time Graph ?

Actually with the help of space-time graph we could determine the position and conditions of various celestial bodies and even Universe itself by drawing Bigger and Smaller graphs appropriately.

"Our virtues and our failures are inseparable, like force and matter. When they separate, man is no more."

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